The #Capricorn Africa Society was founded by #David Stirling, who is famous for founding the #Special Air Service. It was a sincere attempt to make Africa better and more prosperous, offering equal opportunities for black, brown and white Africans. It was founded in 1956 and got many supporters among influential people, largely European. David Stirling was a leader with an aristocratic background and knew many people from his wartime experiences. The book by Alan Hoe, #David Stirling Founder Of The SAS The Authorised Biography of the Founder of the SAS tells us from page 267 onwards about the genesis of his work in Africa & for Africa.
The #Pan-African Congress was operating earlier. In 1953 they [ Nkrumah, Nehru et al ] were setting up a black nationalist organisation, which was anti-European. [ Page 311 ]. There was also the African National Congress working in South Africa. It was, on the face of it another black nationalist organisation using Nelson Mandela as a front man but is was a tool of the South African Communist Party, which means Jews from Lithuania. Joe Slovo may very well have been the one who chose Mandela and got the BBC to give him major publicity.
The Jews using the ANC won because their publicity machine worked better. Being financed by the Oppenheimers helped. That is one reason why Jews still run the gold and diamond mines.
Capricorn Africa Society ex Wiki
The Capricorn Africa Society was a multiracial pressure group in British colonies in southern and eastern Africa in the 1950s and 1960s.The organisation was established in 1949 in Southern Rhodesia by #David Stirling, with branches soon opening in Kenya, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Tanganyika; a branch was also opened in London in 1956.[1] With a mostly European leadership, it called for "equal rights for all civilised", giving Africans gradually increasing civic rights.[1]
The organisation briefly participated in electoral politics in Kenya. In the 1956 general elections it nominated two candidates for the fourteen European seats, choosing not to run in constituencies where independents aligned with the more liberal Michael Blundell and United Country Party stood a chance of beating right wing opponents, the Independent Group and the Federal Independence Party.[2] Although neither candidate was successful, Capricorn won one of the five Indian seats,[3] when Nahar Singh Mangat was elected in the Central (non-Muslim) constituency.
In 1957, members of the society in Northern Rhodesia formed the Constitution Party, which sought to promote Capricornist ideals. A multi-racial party, its membership included several prominent political figures, including Stirling, Harry Franklin, Stewart Gore-Browne, Lawrence Chola Katilunga, Gabriel Musumbulwa and Alexander Scott.[1] However, after failing in the 1958 elections, it was disbanded. Its position as the bastion of Northern Rhodesian liberalism by the Central Africa Party.[1] The Northern Rhodesian branch of the Capricorn Africa Society was subsequently dissolved in 1961.[1]
David Stirling ex Wiki
Lieutenant Colonel Sir Archibald David Stirling, DSO, OBE (15 November 1915 – 4 November 1990) was a Scottish officer in the British Army, mountaineer, and the founder of the #Special Air Service. He saw [ very ] active service during the Second World War.Stirling was born at his family's ancestral home, Keir House in the parish of Lecropt, Perthshire. He was the son of Brigadier General Archibald Stirling, of Keir, and Margaret Fraser, daughter of Simon Fraser, the Lord Lovat, (a descendant of Charles II, King of Scots), and thus Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat was a first cousin. His paternal grandparents were Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet and Lady Anna Maria Leslie-Melville. He was raised at the Catholic boarding school of Ampleforth College, but attended only a year at the University of Cambridge before departing to Paris to become an artist. A tall and athletic figure—he was 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) tall—he was training to climb Mount Everest when World War II broke out.
Stirling was commissioned into the Scots Guards from Ampleforth College Contingent Officer Training Corps on 24 July 1937.[2] In June 1940, he volunteered for the new No. 8 Commando under Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Laycock, which became part of Force Z (later named "Layforce").
On 1 February 1941, Layforce sailed for the Middle East, in support of the capture of Rhodes, but were soon disbanded after suffering heavy casualties in the Battle of Crete and the Battle of the Litani River. Stirling remained convinced that due to the mechanised nature of war, a small team of highly trained soldiers with the advantage of surprise could attack several targets from the desert in a single night.[1]:7,12–13,23–24 .......................
After a brief period of training, an initial attempt at attacking a German airfield by parachute landing on 16 November 1941 in support of Operation Crusader was disastrous. Of the original 55 men, some 34 were killed, wounded or captured far from the target after being blown off course or landing in the wrong area, during one of the biggest storms to hit the area. Escaping only with the help of the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) who were designated to pick up the unit after the attack, Stirling agreed that approaching by land under the cover of night would be safer and more effective than parachuting. As quickly as possible he organised raids on ports using this simple method, often bluffing through checkpoints at night using the language skills of some of his soldiers.[1]:51–61,114–115,138
Under his leadership, the Lewes bomb, the first hand-held dual explosive and incendiary device, was invented by Jock Lewes. American jeeps, which were able to deal with the harsh desert terrain better than other transport, were cut down, adapted and fitted with Vickers K machine guns fore and aft. He also pioneered the use of small groups to escape detection. Finding it difficult to lead from the rear, Stirling often led from the front, his SAS units driving through enemy airfields to shoot up aircraft and crew, replacing the early operational strategy of attaching bombs to enemy aircraft on foot. The first jeep-borne airfield raid occurred soon after acquiring the first batch of Jeeps in June 1942, when Stirling's SAS group attacked Italian-held Bagush airfield along with two other Axis airfields all in the same night. After returning to Cairo, Stirling collected a consignment of more Jeeps for further airfield raids. His biggest success was on the night of 26–27 July 1942 when his SAS squadron with 18 jeeps raided the Sidi Haneish landing strip and destroyed 37 Axis aircraft, mostly bombers and heavy transport, for the loss of one man killed. After a drive through the desert and evading enemy patrols and aircraft, Stirling and his men reached the safety of their advance camp at Qaret Tartura on the edge of the Qattara Depression.[1]
These hit-and-run operations eventually proved Stirling's undoing; he was captured by the Germans in January 1943 having been dubbed "The Phantom Major" by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.[4] Although he escaped, he was subsequently re-captured by the Italians, who took great delight in the embarrassment this caused to their German allies.[5][6][7] A further four escape attempts were made, before Stirling was finally sent to Colditz Castle, where he remained for the rest of the war.[6] He arrived on 20 August 1944 and was tasked with setting the Colditz British Intelligence Unit.[8] After his capture Paddy Mayne took command of the SAS.[9]
In North Africa, in the fifteen months before Stirling's capture, the SAS had destroyed over 250 aircraft on the ground, dozens of supply dumps, wrecked railways and telecommunications, and had put hundreds of enemy vehicles out of action. Field Marshal Montgomery described Stirling as "mad, quite mad" but believed that men like Stirling were needed in time of war.
Special Air Service ex Wiki
The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army. The SAS was founded in 1941 as a regiment, and later reconstituted as a corps in 1950.[5] The unit undertakes a number of roles including covert reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, direct action and hostage rescue. Much of the information and actions regarding the SAS is highly classified, and is not commented on by the British government or the Ministry of Defence due to the sensitivity of their operations.[10][11][12]The corps currently consists of the 22nd Special Air Service Regiment, the regular component under operational command of United Kingdom Special Forces, as well as the 21st (Artists) Special Air Service Regiment (Reserve) and the 23rd Special Air Service Regiment (Reserve), which are reserve units under operational command of the 1st Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade.[13]
The Special Air Service traces its origins to 1941 and the Second World War. It was reformed as part of the Territorial Army in 1947, named the 21st Special Air Service Regiment (Artists Rifles). The 22nd Special Air Service Regiment, which is part of the regular army, gained fame and recognition worldwide after its televised rescue of all but one of the hostages held during the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege.
David Stirling Founder Of The SAS The Authorised Biography of the Founder of the SAS by Alan Hoe
As a young lieutenant in 1941, David Stirling won a battle against military bureaucracy - he was able, against all odds, to introduce a new concept in fighting. Although it was disbanded after the war, the effectiveness of the Special Air Service resulted in its being re-formed six years later to meet the specialized demands of counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism in a host of limited-intensity conflicts. Based on three years of research in the UK, Africa, France and the Middle East, this biography seeks to explain Stirling's personal philosophies, drive, sensitivity and courage. Alan Hoe was a friend of Stirling and a long-serving member of the SAS. As "James March" he wrote "The Negotiator", and was a co-author of "Terrorism - Threat and Response".
Pan-African Congress ex Wiki
The Pan-African Congress — following on from the first Pan-African Conference of 1900 in London — was a series of seven meetings, held in 1919 in Paris (1st Pan-African Congress), 1921 in London (2nd Pan-African Congress), 1923 in London (3rd Pan-African Congress), 1927 in New York City (4th Pan-African Congress), 1945 in Manchester (5th Pan-African Congress), 1974 in Dar es Salaam (6th Pan-African Congress),[1] 1994 in Kampala (7th Pan-African Congress),[2][3] and 2014 in Accra[4][5] that were intended to address the issues facing Africa as a result of European colonization of most of the continent.The Pan-African Congress gained the reputation as a peace maker for decolonization in Africa and in the West Indies. It made significant advance for the Pan-African cause. One of the demands was to end colonial rule and end racial discrimination, against imperialism and it demanded human rights and equality of economic opportunity. The manifesto given by the Pan-African Congress included the political and economic demands of the Congress for a new world context of international cooperation.